Migration Large-Scale Movement
Migration Objectives
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Describe how genetics and experience relate to migratory behaviors in various species.
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Provide examples of how citizen science impacts the acquisition of new knowledge.
If you have studied world history or sociology, you have probably learned about significant migrations in our own species. Other animals migrate for many of the same reasons: avoiding harsh seasonal changes, leaving areas of limited food availability, escaping conflict, and surviving natural disasters.
Migrations can be perilous, resulting in disease, injury, and death. Humans may have more choices than other animals in dealing with changing environmental conditions, and we are not as strongly genetically programmed to migrate as many other animal species.
This video introduces innate and learned aspects of animal migration.
Ocean-going (anadramous) salmon not only migrate great distances, they also have to physically change to be able to tolerate different water chemistry. This video uses a game to illustrate the story of salmon runs.
These are hatchery salmon that have returned to the stream next to the facility where they were raised. The fish in the second video are spawning.
An indicator of the cultural significance of salmon is how many historic and contemporary art forms in our region incorporate the salmon life cycle.
One of the most dramatic migrations in the world is the thousands of miles traveled by a subspecies of Monarch Butterfly. This video provides an overview.
Monarch butterfly on a zinnia flower
Citizen Science in Action
Much of what we know about populations sizes and migrations is coming from citizen science events like bird counts. Citizen science at its most basic indicates that people are contributing to the building of new science knowledge even if it is not their primary career. In many cases, people are assisting on weekends and evenings out of interest and concern.
People have resources, access, ideas, and experiences that can advance knowledge significantly. And people bring passion to the research endeavor: they work in extreme conditions for long lengths of time if they are motivated by the topic or organism.
Citizen science activities include:
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monitoring wild populations
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collecting data on domesticated animals
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contributing to and analyzing large data sets
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providing labor and materials to support research projects
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funding researchers through crowd sourcing
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advocating for local and regional research projects
Citizen Science (also called Community Science) in Action
Packrats, also called wood rats, are not actually rats, but rodents in Genus Neotoma that are primarily found in deserts and grasslands of southwestern U.S. and Mexico. To survive in these harsh conditions, packrats have unique behaviors.
Packrats are opportunistic omnivores that have the unusual behavior of dropping whatever they are carrying when they come across something new. They are also attracted to shiny objects that they collect and take back to their elaborate multi-chambered nests.
Next to their nests, packrats have middens, structures that hide their debris, including plant materials and crystallized urine. In protected caves and under rock outcrops, some of these middens are over 40,000 years old and are a snapshot of past life in the immediate area.
So researchers wanted to locate these middens, and here is where citizen science came into play.
People were asked to report locations of packrat middens they found while out hiking in areas of the Chihuahuan Desert. The procedure was to get as specific of a location as possible, to take photographs so researchers could confirm the find, to note whether there were signs of recent packrat activity, and to try not to disturb the site.
This enabled researchers to study a variety of data sources they would otherwise not have had the time or resources to obtain.
Wherever you are, there are unique species to study, and a variety of signs to indicate animal activity.
Many citizen/community science projects involve locating, observing, and identifying animals in the field.
There are specific categories of behaviors you are likely to observe. You will also be looking for these behaviors as part of of this week’s Behaviors Field Notes media piece.
A brief review of nature and nurture, fitness, and evolution to set the context for your observations of animal behaviors. We all infer and draw inferences when observing, it helps to use consistent definitions and to have underlying assumptions clearly stated
When documenting animal behaviors, different media forms may suit particular behaviors and the message you want to convey. You are mediating a primary experience for your own later use, or for others, and trying to utilize resources to make the mediated experience as authentic as possible.
These two tables (A & B) outline common animal behaviors. Some of these are easier to observe than others due to frequency or how overt the behavior presents itself. For example, you may get footage of a robin catching a worm, but have more difficulty observing it raising offspring.
We added invertebrate examples, because people often think of elaborate behaviors only occurring in vertebrates. Not in this course!
The next section is a closer look at one of the primary factors that drives migration: seasonal changes.
Check your knowledge. Can you:
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describe how genetics and experience relate to migratory behaviors in various species?
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provide examples of how citizen science impacts the acquisition of new knowledge?
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